Social reforms can help address insurgency by:

Social reforms can significantly address insurgency by fostering community participation. When communities feel engaged and involved in decision-making processes, they are more likely to feel a sense of ownership over their environment and governance. This participation can lead to increased trust between the community and the government, which is critical in preventing the rise of insurgent groups that often exploit feelings of disenfranchisement and neglect.

By involving local populations in the political and social processes, reforms can promote development, stability, and loyalty to the state rather than to insurgent causes. Moreover, empowered communities can more effectively address grievances that may foster insurgency, such as poverty or lack of representation, thus working towards a more cohesive and resilient society.

In contrast, the other options, such as decreasing public services, eliminating local governance, or expanding military recruitment, would likely exacerbate feelings of alienation and discontent among the populace. These actions could weaken community trust in government, making insurgent narratives more appealing and potentially inciting further violence and instability.